Немно́го о языке́ 4.4 Петрогра́дская сторона́
Things existing at locations
While people who possess items are expressed with у plus the genitive, when an item exists at a location, Russian tends to use есть construction with locational expressions that start with в/на plus the prepositional case. Sometimes you can translate these expressions with the English “has”.
образе́ц:
На у́лице Попо́ва есть большо́й бассе́йн. = On Popov Street there is a big pool.
В го́роде есть хоро́ший парк. = In the city there’s a nice park. / The city has a nice park.
В ко́мнате есть то́лько крова́ть и шкаф. = In the room there’s only a bed and wardrobe./ The room has only a bed and a wardrobe.
Russian can often combines a locational phrase (в/на plus the prepositional case) together with a possessive construction (у + genitive) together.
образе́ц:
Telling Relative Distances
When answering the question "Где нахо́дится …?" you can use the phrases:
The preposition от in these phrases is followed by the genitive case of the noun or pronoun. Although от in these phrases means “from,” be careful not to overgeneralize: not every use of the English “from” will be translated as Russian от.
If you have no second place mentioned for expressing relative distances, you can use the adverbs alone.
| Где магази́н? | Он далеко́. (It’s far.) |
| Где остано́вка авто́буса? | Она́ бли́зко. (It’s near.) |
| Где кафе́? | Оно́ спра́ва. (It’s on the right.) |
Genitive case forms of adjectives
As with the prepositional case adjective endings, the genitive case of masculine and neuter adjectives will share a single basic adjective form –ого, while the basic feminine adjective ending is –ой. The variations of these endings for spelling rules are: -его and -ей, respectively.
These adjective endings are summarized in this table:
Note on pronunciation: The г in the masculine and neuter adjective endings for the genitive is pronounced like Russian [в].
You’ve already encountered two other words where г has this pronunciation его́ and сего́дня, both of which are related to the genitive case. In other circumstances the г in the combination -ого- is pronounced like [г] (e.g., мно́го = a lot, до́рого = expensive, dear)
Genitive “of” linkage
You have already seen that the genitive case can be used to express a possessive relationship between two nouns: Оле́г — друг Ка́ти. = Oleg is the friend of Katya.
The genitive can also express other kinds of “of” relations beyond those involved in possession. Sometimes these “of” relations will be equivalent to English.
нача́ло Большо́го проспе́кта = the start of Большо́й проспе́кт
коне́ц на́шей экску́рсии = the end of our excursion
Институ́т ру́сской культу́ры = Institute of Russian Culture
Other times the Russian phrase (for example, но́мер телефо́на ) is structured “noun 1 + genitive of noun 2.” The equivalent English expression telephone number flips the order and doubles up the nouns (noun 2 + noun 1).
Look at the examples below and note how the word order changes between Russian and English:
магазин электроники = electronic store
остановка абтобуса = bus stop
станция метро = metro station
New Second Conjugation Verbs
In this section of our story, you have encountered two more second conjugation verbs:
- помн- (infinitive: по́мнить) = remember. It conjugates just like говори́ть.
- вид- (infinitive: ви́деть) = see. This verb has a consonant mutation in the я form, where д > ж. Following the letter ж, the first-person ending –ю will be spelled as –у because of the eight-letter spelling rule.
- слыш- (infinitive: слы́шать) = hear. Because of the eight-letter spelling rule, after the letter ш, the first-person ending –ю will be spelled as –у and the third-person plural ending –ят will be spelled as –ат.
Consonant mutations are not an exclusively Russian phenomenon. In English they happen among words of a single word family. For example, the verb is “to provide” but the related noun is “provisions.” Sometimes in English we don’t change the spelling, but the pronunciation of a consonant “mutates” (to televise – television).
Note the stress patterns of the new verbs underlined in bold.
Упражне́ние 1
You will hear an incomplete sentence in Russian. Select the subject pronoun that matches the context.
Distinguishing Word Meanings
Russian can often be more precise than English in the ways it uses words. There are a few places to pay attention to now:
Asking About Names
 – Как тебя́/вас зову́т? – Меня́ зову́т Серге́й. |
 – Как называ́ется э́тот магази́н? – Он называ́ется "Иде́Я." |
When we are referring to people, we use the construction with зову́т, but when mentioning the name of a thing, we use the construction with называ́ется, or называ́ются if the subject is plural.
Seeing and Hearing vs. Watching and Listening
>- Ви́деть means “to see,” and is used to describe visual information reaching your eyes.
- Слы́шать means "to hear" and similarly describes auditory information reaching your ears.
- Смотре́ть means “to look" or "to watch" and requires you not only to "see" something but to fix your attention on it.
- Слу́шать means "to listen to" and similarly means to fix your attention on something that you hear.
Remembering
The English word “remember” is used in a few different senses, but по́мнить is the equivalent only for “remember” when it is essentially a synonym for “to know” (to have a piece of information in your memory). Russian has different verbs for conveying “remember” when it is a synonym for “memorize,” (to put information into your memory), or when it is a synonym for “recall” (to drag a piece of information up from memory).
Accusative Pronouns
In Уро́к 3 we learned the accusative forms for nouns and adjectives. In this section we will learn the forms of the personal pronouns in the accusative case.
Work through the captions to these illustrations, paying attention to the pronouns so that you can match the sentences to their English equivalents.
Look through the sentences that you just completed and summarize what you have learned.
Summary
The table below has all the forms of the accusative personal pronouns. Note that they are identical to the genitive forms that you learned with the preposition у to express "having", except that when there is no preposition before the pronoun there is no н at the start of не́го, неё, них.
| Nominative | Accusative | Genitive |
|---|---|---|
| (Subject of verb) | (Direct object) | (used with нет = “be absent”) |
| я | меня́ | меня́ |
| ты | тебя́ | тебя́ |
| он | его́ | его́ |
| она́ | её | её |
| оно́ | его́ | его́ |
| мы | нас | нас |
| вы | вас | вас |
| они́ | их | их |
| кто? | кого́? | кого́? |
| что? | что? | чего́? |
Упражне́ние 2
In this unit, you have seen that его́ / её / их function as direct object pronouns, where their English equivalents are him, her, it, and them. But remember that you’ve already encountered его́ / её / их in their function as possessive pronouns. For example, его́ ба́бушка = his grandmother; их внук = their grandson.
Read the sentences below and decide whether the italicized form is functioning as a possessive pronoun or as a direct object pronoun. Then select the best English equivalent for the italicized pronoun.